{"id":6162,"date":"2026-09-08T10:30:15","date_gmt":"2026-09-08T08:30:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/alien-occicat.obs-banyuls.fr\/alitta-succinea-polychaeta-nereididae-a-les-costes-de-la-mediterrania-occidental-un-altre-cas-dintroduccio-en-una-especie-de-distribucio-mundial\/"},"modified":"2026-09-08T11:27:04","modified_gmt":"2026-09-08T09:27:04","slug":"alitta-succinea-polychaeta-nereididae-a-les-costes-de-la-mediterrania-occidental-un-altre-cas-dintroduccio-en-una-especie-de-distribucio-mundial","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/alien-occicat.fr\/ca\/alitta-succinea-polychaeta-nereididae-a-les-costes-de-la-mediterrania-occidental-un-altre-cas-dintroduccio-en-una-especie-de-distribucio-mundial\/","title":{"rendered":"Alitta succinea (Polychaeta: Nereididae) a les costes de la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental: un altre cas d’introducci\u00f3 en una esp\u00e8cie de distribuci\u00f3 mundial?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yolanda Lucas\u00b9, Miguel A. Meca\u00b9, Paola Mura\u00b9, Jo\u00e3o Gil\u00b2, S\u00e9bastien Thorin\u00b3 & Daniel Martin\u00b9<\/p>\n

\u00b9 Centre d\u2019Estudis Avan\u00e7ats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC)
\n\u00b2 Centre of Marine Sciences, CCMAR
\n\u00b3 Creocean<\/p>\n

Les esp\u00e8cies ex\u00f2tiques invasores (EEI) constitueixen una de les principals amenaces per a la biodiversitat a escala global. Segons la definici\u00f3 recollida a la Llei 42\/2007, de 13 de desembre, del Patrimoni Natural i de la Biodiversitat (article 3), una EEI \u00e9s aquella esp\u00e8cie \u201cque s’introdueix o s’estableix en un ecosistema o h\u00e0bitat natural o seminatural i que \u00e9s un agent de canvi i una amena\u00e7a per a la diversitat biol\u00f2gica nativa, ja sigui pel seu comportament invasor o pel risc de contaminaci\u00f3 gen\u00e8tica\u201d. Per aix\u00f2, la seva expansi\u00f3 pot alterar el funcionament dels ecosistemes, despla\u00e7ar esp\u00e8cies aut\u00f2ctones i generar importants impactes ecol\u00f2gics i econ\u00f2mics.<\/p>\n

La mar Mediterr\u00e0nia \u00e9s una de les regions marines m\u00e9s afectades per les invasions biol\u00f2giques (Coll et al. 2010; Zenetos et al. 2022). Entre els principals vectors responsables de la introducci\u00f3 i la dispersi\u00f3 d’esp\u00e8cies es troben el transport mar\u00edtim, l’aq\u00fcicultura, l’escalfament de les aig\u00fces associat al canvi clim\u00e0tic i la connexi\u00f3 amb la mar Roja a trav\u00e9s del canal de Suez (Zenetos & Galanidi, 2020; Tiralongo et al., 2022). Com a conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, el nombre d’esp\u00e8cies no aut\u00f2ctones registrades en aquesta conca ha augmentat de manera constant durant les darreres d\u00e8cades (Zenetos et al. 2022).<\/p>\n

En aquest context, l’an\u00e8l\u00b7lid poliquet Alitta succinea<\/em> (Leuckart, 1847) (Fig. 1A\u2013B), pertanyent a la fam\u00edlia Nereididae, representa un cas particularment interessant.<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Fig.<\/span><\/div>

Figura 1. Exemplars d’Alitta succinea<\/em> fotografiats en viu (A) i fixats (B).<\/p>\n<\/div>

Es tracta d’una esp\u00e8cie t\u00edpicament estuarina, caracteritzada per una elevada toler\u00e0ncia a les variacions de salinitat, fet que li permet colonitzar ambients sotmesos a importants fluctuacions ambientals (Mucciolo et al., 2021). Tanmateix, m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la seva plasticitat ecol\u00f2gica, A. succinea<\/em> destaca per la complexitat de la seva hist\u00f2ria biogeogr\u00e0fica i per una distribuci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica extraordin\u00e0riament \u00e0mplia.<\/p>\n

Tot i que va ser descrita originalment a Helgoland (Alemanya, mar del Nord), la seva \u00e0rea de distribuci\u00f3 nativa continua sent objecte de debat, si b\u00e9 s’ha suggerit que podria ser origin\u00e0ria de la costa atl\u00e0ntica d’Am\u00e8rica del Nord, on presenta una \u00e0mplia distribuci\u00f3 (Sato, 2013). No obstant aix\u00f2, la pres\u00e8ncia de l’esp\u00e8cie en nombroses regions del planeta, incloent-hi Am\u00e8rica del Nord i del Sud, Hawaii, la Xina, Sud-\u00e0frica, Austr\u00e0lia, Gr\u00e8cia i It\u00e0lia, ha portat a q\u00fcestionar si totes aquestes poblacions pertanyen realment a una \u00fanica esp\u00e8cie.<\/p>\n

De fet, s’ha demostrat que algunes de les poblacions atribu\u00efdes a \u201cA. succinea<\/em>\u201d amagaven un complex d’esp\u00e8cies cr\u00edptiques, fet que ha comportat la revalidaci\u00f3 de t\u00e0xons pr\u00e8viament considerats sin\u00f2nims, com Alitta acutifolia<\/em> Ehlers, 1901 (Villalobos-Guerrero & Carrera-Parra, 2015). Aix\u00ed mateix, s’han descrit noves esp\u00e8cies, com Alitta yarae<\/em> \u00c1lvarez, Desiderato & Mucciolo, 2023 al Brasil. Malgrat aquesta complexitat taxon\u00f2mica, A. succinea<\/em> tamb\u00e9 ha estat assenyalada freq\u00fcentment com una esp\u00e8cie introdu\u00efda accidentalment amb un elevat potencial invasor (Ferreira et al., 2024). En alguns casos, a m\u00e9s, la seva introducci\u00f3 va ser deliberada. Aix\u00f2 va succeir a les mars d’Aral, C\u00e0spia i Negra, on va ser alliberada com a recurs alimentari destinat a afavorir les pesqueries comercials regionals (Proskurina, 1980; Glasby & Timm, 2008; Gillet et al., 2011; Ghasemi et al., 2013; B\u0103ncil\u0103 et al., 2023). Aquestes introduccions van contribuir posteriorment a l’expansi\u00f3 de l’esp\u00e8cie i constitueixen un dels exemples m\u00e9s coneguts de dispersi\u00f3 assistida per l’activitat humana en aquest grup d’organismes.<\/p>\n

El projecte ALIEN-OCCICAT t\u00e9 entre els seus objectius l’avaluaci\u00f3 de la pres\u00e8ncia i l’evoluci\u00f3 temporal d’A. succinea<\/em> en diverses masses d’aigua costaneres de la Mediterr\u00e0nia nord-occidental. Per fer-ho, aprofita la informaci\u00f3 generada per diverses s\u00e8ries temporals que abasten m\u00e9s de tres d\u00e8cades de mostrejos. Aquestes inclouen tant els estudis realitzats en llacunes i sistemes costaners del sud de Fran\u00e7a en el marc de la col\u00b7laboraci\u00f3 entre el CEAB i l’empresa Creocean, com els programes de seguiment ecol\u00f2gic que el CEAB desenvolupa per a l’Ag\u00e8ncia Catalana de l’Aigua al llarg de tot el litoral catal\u00e0.<\/p>\n

Fins ara, les dades analitzades han perm\u00e8s detectar poblacions atribu\u00efdes a A. succinea<\/em> en nombroses masses d’aigua al llarg de la costa mediterr\u00e0nia francesa, almenys des de la d\u00e8cada de 1990 (Fig. 2, Taula 1).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

\"Fig.<\/span><\/div>

Figura 2. Zona d’estudi a les costes catalanofranceses de la Mediterr\u00e0nia nord-occidental.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>

Taula 1. Interval d’anys i mitjanes del nombre m\u00e0xim d’exemplars d’Alitta succinea<\/em> i Hediste sinesimplex<\/em> trobats a les diferents masses d’aigua estudiades a la Mediterr\u00e0nia francesa.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div>

Aquests registres, juntament amb les poblacions documentades pr\u00e8viament a la mar Adri\u00e0tica i al golf Sar\u00f2nic (Abbiati & Maltagliati, 1992; Mucciolo et al., 2021; Langeneck et al., 2023), suggereixen que A. succinea<\/em> podria trobar-se actualment establerta en diferents sectors de la Mediterr\u00e0nia i formar part de la seva fauna al\u00b7l\u00f2ctona.<\/p>\n

Tanmateix, les incerteses existents sobre el seu origen biogeogr\u00e0fic aconsellen prud\u00e8ncia. D’acord amb la proposta de Langeneck et al. (2023), considerem que l’estatus m\u00e9s apropiat per a la situaci\u00f3 actual d’A. succinea<\/em> a la Mediterr\u00e0nia \u00e9s el d’esp\u00e8cie criptog\u00e8nica (sensu Carlton, 1992), \u00e9s a dir, una esp\u00e8cie l’origen natiu o introdu\u00eft de la qual no es pot determinar amb certesa. Precisament, un dels principals objectius d’ALIEN-OCCICAT consisteix a comparar morfol\u00f2gicament i molecularment les poblacions mediterr\u00e0nies i atl\u00e0ntiques per determinar si corresponen realment a la mateixa entitat biol\u00f2gica, tal com ja s’ha demostrat per a les poblacions gregues (Langeneck et al., 2023).<\/p>\n

Per contra, els estudis realitzats fins ara a les costes catalanes de la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica no han detectat la pres\u00e8ncia d’A. succinea<\/em> en cap de les localitats mostrejades, incloent-hi la confirmaci\u00f3 d’aquesta abs\u00e8ncia al delta de l’Ebre mitjan\u00e7ant an\u00e0lisis d’ADN ambiental (Xavier Turon, com. pers.). Aix\u00f2 suggereix que l’esp\u00e8cie encara no hauria assolit aquest sector de la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental.<\/p>\n

En diverses de les llacunes costaneres franceses estudiades, A. succinea<\/em> arriba a ser l’\u00fanic nere\u00eddid present. En altres localitats conviu amb l’esp\u00e8cie aut\u00f2ctona Hediste sinesimplex<\/em> Costa, Rocha, Martins, Ven\u00e2ncio, Ure\u00f1a, Almeida, Ferreira, Christoffersen & Antunes, 2025 (anteriorment identificada com H. diversicolor<\/em> O.F. M\u00fcller, 1776). Els patrons observats suggereixen l’exist\u00e8ncia d’una possible interacci\u00f3 competitiva entre totes dues esp\u00e8cies, ja que all\u00e0 on una assoleix densitats elevades, l’altra acostuma a presentar abund\u00e0ncies redu\u00efdes o fins i tot a desapar\u00e8ixer localment. Aquest patr\u00f3 resulta especialment evident en alguns sectors de l’estany de Berre propers al pol\u00edgon industrial de La M\u00e8de, on el seguiment temporal ha estat m\u00e9s intensiu (Fig. 3).<\/p>\n<\/div>

\"Fig.<\/span><\/div>

Figura 3. Seguiment temporal de les poblacions d’Alitta succinea<\/em> i Hediste sinesimplex<\/em> a l’estany de Berre (Mediterr\u00e0nia nord-occidental, Fran\u00e7a). Les dades representades corresponen a les mitjanes anuals de les densitats m\u00e0ximes observades a les estacions mostrejades.<\/p>\n<\/div>

La distribuci\u00f3 dels poliquets a les llacunes costaneres est\u00e0 fortament condicionada per variables ambientals com la salinitat, la granulometria del sediment, el contingut de mat\u00e8ria org\u00e0nica i la cobertura vegetal, que poden afectar tant la composici\u00f3 de les comunitats com la pres\u00e8ncia o abs\u00e8ncia de determinades esp\u00e8cies (D\u00e1vila-Jim\u00e9nez et al., 2019; Hern\u00e1ndez-Alc\u00e1ntara et al., 2018). Per aix\u00f2, l’an\u00e0lisi conjunta de les variables fisicoqu\u00edmiques de les m\u00e9s de quaranta masses d’aigua objecte d’aquest estudi permetr\u00e0 avaluar la influ\u00e8ncia d’aquests factors sobre la distribuci\u00f3 i l’abund\u00e0ncia relativa d’A. succinea<\/em> i H. sinesimplex<\/em>.<\/p>\n

En conjunt, els resultats obtinguts per ALIEN-OCCICAT contribuiran a millorar el coneixement sobre l’ecologia, la distribuci\u00f3 i l’estatus biogeogr\u00e0fic d’A. succinea<\/em> a la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental i la seva relaci\u00f3 amb les poblacions d’H. sinesimplex<\/em>. A m\u00e9s, permetran comprendre millor els mecanismes que afavoreixen l’expansi\u00f3 d’esp\u00e8cies potencialment invasores en ecosistemes costaners especialment vulnerables i avaluar-ne els possibles efectes sobre les poblacions d’esp\u00e8cies natives.<\/p>\n<\/div>

<\/i><\/i><\/span>Refer\u00e8ncies<\/span><\/a><\/h4><\/div>
\n

Abbiati M. & Maltagliata F. 1992. Genetic population structure of Neanthes succinea<\/em> (Polychaeta, Nereididae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 72: 511-518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315400059300<\/p>\n

B\u0103ncil\u0103 R.I., Skolka M., Ivanova P., Surugiu V., Stefanova K., Todorova V. & Zenetos A. 2022. Alien species of the Romanian and Bulgarian Black Sea coast: state of knowledge, uncertainties, and needs for future research. Aquatic Invasions 17: 353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3391\/ai.2022.17.3.02<\/p>\n

Carlton J.T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77: 1653-1655. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2265767<\/p>\n

Castro \u00c1lvarez R., Desiderato A. & Mucciolo S. 2023. Description of Alitta yarae<\/em> sp. nov. (Annelida, Nereididae): a new oligo\/mesohaline species from Southern Brazil. The European Zoological Journal 90: 733-746. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/24750263.2023.2269199<\/p>\n

Costa D.D.A., Rocha S., Martins D., Ven\u00e2ncio M., Ure\u00f1a M., Almeida J., Ferreira G.G., Christoffersen M.L. & Antunes C. 2025. Filling in another piece of the puzzle: Using integrative taxonomy to establish yet another new species of Hediste<\/em> (Annelida, Polychaeta, Nereididae). Zootaxa 5696: 28-40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.5696.1.2<\/a><\/p>\n

D\u00e1vila-Jim\u00e9nez, Y., Papiol, V., Hern\u00e1ndez-Alc\u00e1ntara, P., Enr\u00edquez, C., Sauma-Castillo, L.,&Chiappa-Carrara,X.(2019). Polychaete assemblages in a tropical hypersaline coastal lagoon of the southeastern Gulf of Mexico during the rainy season. Revista de Biolog\u00eda Tropical, 67(Suppl. 5), 136-156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15517\/rbt.v67is5.38938<\/p>\n

Ehlers E. 1901. Die Polychaeten des magellanischen und chilenischen Strandes. Ein faunistischer Versuch. Festschrift zur Feier des Hundertf\u00fcnfzigj\u00e4hrigen Bestehens des K\u00f6niglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu G\u00f6ttingen, Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse 1901:1-232.<\/p>\n

Ferreira L.M., Seixas V.r.C., Villalobos-Guerrero T.F. & Santos C.S.G. 2024. Another candidate to human-mediated transport: molecular evidence confirms that Alitta succinea<\/em> (Nereididae: Annelida) is a widespread species. Marine Biodiversity 54: 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12526-024-01407-x<\/p>\n

Ghasemi A.F., Taheri M. & Jam A. 2013. Does the introduced polychaete Alitta succinea<\/em> establish in the Caspian Sea? Helgoland Marine Research 67: 715-720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10152-013-0356-1<\/p>\n

Gillet P., Surugiu V., Vasile R., Metais I., Mouloud M. & Simo P. 2011. Preliminary data on population dynamics and genetics of Alitta succinea<\/em> (Polychaeta: Nereididae) from the Romanian coast of the Black Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology 78: 229-241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/11250003.2011.593347<\/p>\n

Glasby C.J. & Timm T. 2008. Global diversity of polychaetes (Polychaeta; Annelida) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595: 107-115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10750-007-9008-2<\/a><\/p>\n

Hern\u00e1ndez-Alc\u00e1ntara, P., Avil\u00e9s-D\u00edaz, A. L., & Sol\u00eds-Weiss, V. (2018).
\nPolychaete diversity patterns along an environmental gradient in T\u00e9rminos Lagoon, a tropical lagoon-estuarine system in the southern Gulf of Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 89(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22201\/ib.20078706e.2018.4.2317<\/p>\n

Langeneck J., Bakiu R., Chalari N., Chatzigeorgiou G., Crocetta F., Do\u011fdu S., Durmishaj S., Galil B.S., Garc\u00eda-Charton J., G\u00fcl\u015fahin A., Hoffman R., Leone A., Lezzi M., Logrieco A., Mancini E., Minareci E., Petovic S., Ricci P., Orenes-Salazar V. & Zenetos A. 2023. New records of introduced species in the Mediterranean Sea (November 2023). Mediterranean Marine Science 24: 610-632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/mms.35840<\/a><\/p>\n

Mucciolo, S., Desiderato, A., Salonna, M., et al. (2021). Finding Aquaporins in Annelids: An Evolutionary Analysis and a Case Study. Cells, 10(12), 3562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10123562<\/p>\n

M\u00fcller O.F. 1776. Zoologicae Danicae Prodromus, seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum characteres, nomina et synonyma imprimis popularium. Hallageriis, Havniae [Copenhagen].<\/p>\n

Proskurina Y.S. 1980. The state of introduced species in the Aral Sea and the prospects for their spread. Hydrobiological Journal 15: 30-34.<\/p>\n

Sato M. 2013. Resurrection of the genus Nectoneanthes<\/em> Imajima, (Nereididae: Polychaeta), with redescription of Nectoneanthes oxypoda<\/em> (Marenzeller, ) and description of a new species, comparing them to Neanthes succinea<\/em> (Leuckart, ). Journal of Natural History 47: 1-50. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00222933.2012.743609<\/a><\/p>\n

Tiralongo, F., Hall-Spencer, J. M., Giovos, I., & Kleitou, P. (2022). Editorial: Biological invasions in the Mediterranean Sea. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 1016168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmars.2022.1016168<\/p>\n

Villalobos-Guerrero T.F. & Carrera-Parra L.F. 2015. Redescription of Alitta succinea<\/em> (Leuckart, 1847) and reinstatement of A. acutifolia<\/em> (Ehlers, 1901) n. comb. based upon morphological and molecular data (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Zootaxa 3919: 157\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.3919.1.7<\/p>\n

Zenetos A., Albano P.G., L\u00f3pez E., Stern N.I.R., Tsiamis K. & Galanidi M. 2022. Established non-indigenous species increased by 40% in 11 years in the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science 23:196-212. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/mms.29106<\/p>\n

Zenetos, A., & Galanidi, M. (2020). Mediterranean non indigenous species at the start of the 2020s: Recent changes. Marine Biodiversity Records, 13, 10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s41200-020-00191-4<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5349,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[95],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-noticies"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nAlitta succinea (Polychaeta: Nereididae) a les costes de la Mediterr\u00e0nia occidental: un altre cas d'introducci\u00f3 en una esp\u00e8cie de distribuci\u00f3 mundial? - ALIEN-OCCICAT<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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